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#continents

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Our #Earth is around 4.5 billion years old.

Way back in its earliest years, vast #oceans dominated. There were frequent volcanic eruptions and, because there was no free #oxygen in the #atmosphere, there was no #ozone layer. It was a dynamic and evolving #planet.

Cratons are pieces of ancient #continents that formed billions of years ago.

Studying them offers a window into how processes within and on the surface of Earth operated in the past.

phys.org/news/2024-02-earth-ea

Phys.org · Earth's early evolution: Fresh insights from rocks formed 3.5 billion years agoBy Jaganmoy Jodder

Study reshapes understanding of mass #extinction in Late Devonian era
phys.org/news/2023-12-reshapes

The expansion of #LandPlants during the Late #Devonian contributed to the marine #MassExtinction nature.com/articles/s43247-023

"Diverse and full of #SeaLife, the Earth's Devonian era—taking place more than 370 million years ago—saw the emergence of the first seed-bearing #plants, which spread as large #forests across the #continents of #Gondwana and #Laurussia."

Earth's #biosphere was able to increase as #continents emerged.

But when could continents first appear on rocky #planets of nearby #stars?

Radiogenic heating of the planetary mantle is evaluated through stellar metallicities.

The heat per unit mantle mass is compared to a threshold on Earth after which continents appeared.

Longer delays are inferred for some #exoplanets, but earliest continents could have arisen 2 Gyr before those on Earth.

#astrobiology #astronomy
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.

Uncovering Mantle Heterogeneities Beneath Drifting Continents
Computational models of the composition and volumes of magmas during continental rifting evolution provide clues on the heterogeneities of the deep melting mantle.
eos.org/editor-highlights/unco #Mantle #Heterogeneities #Drifting #Continents #rifting

EosUncovering Mantle Heterogeneities Beneath Drifting ContinentsBy Fabio A. Capitanio

#Volcanism 56 million years ago released more #methane than thought phys.org/news/2023-08-volcanis

Shallow-water #hydrothermal venting linked to the #Palaeocene#Eocene Thermal Maximum nature.com/articles/s41561-023

"About 55 million years ago, the #AtlanticOcean was born. Until then, #Europe and #America were connected. As the #continents began to move apart, the Earth's crust ruptured, releasing large volumes of #magma... #HydrothermalVents were active at very shallow depths or even above #SeaLevel"