#LanguageVariation

Simon KasperDie Dynamik der (Morpho-)Syntax des Deutschen in der „Vertikale“: Perfektexpansion und Abfolge pronominaler ObjekteJetzt mit Volltext verfügbar. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376363305_Die_Dynamik_der_Morpho-Syntax_des_Deutschen_in_der_Vertikale_Perfektexpansion_und_Abfolge_pronominaler_Objekte" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376363305_Die_Dynamik_der_Morpho-Syntax_des_Deutschen_in_der_Vertikale_Perfektexpansion_und_Abfolge_pronominaler_Objekte</a> <a href="https://zirk.us/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://zirk.us/tags/linguistik" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistik</a> <a href="https://zirk.us/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://zirk.us/tags/sprache" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sprache</a> <a href="https://zirk.us/tags/Dialekt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Dialekt</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/linguistics" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@linguistics</a>

Joshua McNeillStrange to not have any <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Labov" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Labov</a> quotes to share that I find poignant despite being the giant of <a href="https://h4.io/tags/sociolinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sociolinguistics</a> and despite how much of his work I've read. He always struck me as a workhorse with a lot of interesting method ideas but not someone terribly concerned with <a href="https://h4.io/tags/socialtheory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#socialtheory</a> where one's writing might become more touching. His legacy and influence will undoubtedly persist for a very long time still. <a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagechange</a>

Joshua McNeillAs an American, "pissed up" is a new one for me. This was how someone on Discord described the <a href="https://h4.io/tags/British" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#British</a> crowd at the recent <a href="https://h4.io/tags/TaylorCatterall" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TaylorCatterall</a> fight. I assume this comes from "taking the piss".<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/lexicography" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#lexicography</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/BrEn" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#BrEn</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/BritishEnglish" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#BritishEnglish</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/boxing" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#boxing</a>

Joshua McNeill<a href="https://h4.io/tags/Relativepronouns" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Relativepronouns</a> are weird. "People that think" feels pretty natural to me but "people who think" is probably the standard in a construction like this one found on reddit.(BTW, both fighters are too good to meaningfully compare anyway.)<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/pronouns" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pronouns</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/syntax" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#syntax</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/morphology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#morphology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/English" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#English</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/boxing" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#boxing</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Crawford" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Crawford</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Inoue" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Inoue</a>

Joshua McNeillSpotted "furriner" (i.e., <a href="https://h4.io/tags/foreigner" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#foreigner</a>) in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Marvel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Marvel</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Avengers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Avengers</a> c1966, implying a pronunciation maybe like [ˈfʌɹ.ɪ.nəɹ]. Reminds me a lot of the <a href="https://h4.io/tags/SouthPark" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#SouthPark</a> "they took our jobs" joke. There's a clear <a href="https://h4.io/tags/enregisterment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#enregisterment</a> happening here, though I'm not sure it's for a real <a href="https://h4.io/tags/English" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#English</a> variety as I don't specialize in English <a href="https://h4.io/tags/vowels" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#vowels</a>. Any ideas?<a href="https://h4.io/tags/sociolinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sociolinguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/racism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#racism</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/xenophobia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#xenophobia</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/comics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#comics</a>

Joshua McNeillSpotted in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/TalesFromTheCrypt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TalesFromTheCrypt</a> c1950, not just <a href="https://h4.io/tags/prodrop" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#prodrop</a> but auxiliary drop? In both sentences, "will" is omitted. I'm particularly fond of pro-drop phrases myself, but I don't think I'd omit an auxiliary.<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/syntax" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#syntax</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/morphology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#morphology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/horror" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#horror</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/ECcomics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ECcomics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/comics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#comics</a>

Joshua McNeillIn <a href="https://h4.io/tags/TalesFromtheCrypt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TalesFromtheCrypt</a> c1950: the phrase "any too happy" rather than (what would be the equivalent for me) "all too happy". And indeed, there was a spike in the former over the latter in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/American" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#American</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/literature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#literature</a> around this time (<a href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=any+too+happy%2Call+that+happy&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=any+too+happy%2Call+that+happy&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3</a>).<a href="https://h4.io/tags/ECcomics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ECcomics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/comics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#comics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/horror" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#horror</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/syntax" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#syntax</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Americanliterature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Americanliterature</a>

Joshua McNeillSpotted on <a href="https://h4.io/tags/sociology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sociology</a> reddit: an "is regarded period" construction. The absence of "well" feels incredibly awkward to me, but apparently the version without "well" was not only more common in older literature but is still more common today (<a href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=is+well+regarded.%2Cis+regarded.&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=is+well+regarded.%2Cis+regarded.&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3</a>).(Also, I have no idea what the answer to this question is.)<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/lexicography" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#lexicography</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/syntax" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#syntax</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/generationaltheory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#generationaltheory</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/StraussHowe" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#StraussHowe</a>

Joshua McNeillIn <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Spiderman" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spiderman</a> c1968, Peter uses several <a href="https://h4.io/tags/synonyms" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#synonyms</a> for <a href="https://h4.io/tags/money" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#money</a>: scratch, long green, and folding stuff. I'm not personally familiar with any of these, but there are obviously many others we could mention, which raises the question: Why are there so many words for money? This is common with <a href="https://h4.io/tags/taboowords" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#taboowords</a>, but is money considered taboo in some way?<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/lexicography" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#lexicography</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/euphemisms" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#euphemisms</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Marvel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Marvel</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/comics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#comics</a>

Joshua McNeillTo "throw a rock in a haystack". This is a new <a href="https://h4.io/tags/saying" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#saying</a> for me, and I can't find any references to it in Google books or on the web in general. <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Crawford" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Crawford</a> is from <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Omaha" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Omaha</a>, so maybe it's a saying in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Nebraska" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Nebraska</a> considering the state's <a href="https://h4.io/tags/agriculture" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#agriculture</a> activities. It implies to me that one is making a commotion to get whatever it is one wants to come out and talk.<a href="https://youtu.be/0at0kzeiPKA" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/0at0kzeiPKA</a><a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/semantics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#semantics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/dialectology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#dialectology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/boxing" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#boxing</a>

Joshua McNeillIn <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Xmen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Xmen</a> c1966, <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Cyclops" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Cyclops</a> says "what say we" rather than "what do you say we". My first impression was that this sounds antiquated, and indeed, the latter has become far more frequent over time in American <a href="https://h4.io/tags/literature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#literature</a> (<a href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=what+say+we%2Cwhat+do+you+say+we&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=what+say+we%2Cwhat+do+you+say+we&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3</a>).<a href="https://h4.io/tags/Marvel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Marvel</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/comics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#comics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Americanliterature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Americanliterature</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagechange</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/syntax" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#syntax</a>

Joshua McNeillSpotted in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Xmen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Xmen</a> c1966: "shall waken". We can suppose this in variation with "awaken" and take into account <a href="https://h4.io/tags/style" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#style</a> to an extent if we compare only when preceded by "shall". Unsurprisingly, "awaken" has always been more common in American <a href="https://h4.io/tags/literature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#literature</a> when <a href="https://h4.io/tags/intransitive" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#intransitive</a> (<a href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=shall+waken%2Cshall+awaken&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=shall+waken%2Cshall+awaken&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3</a>), although these sort of pairs where the standard <a href="https://h4.io/tags/transitive" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transitive</a> version is used intransitively could be interesting to look at further<a href="https://h4.io/tags/Marvel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Marvel</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/comics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#comics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/socioilnguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#socioilnguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/morphology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#morphology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/syntax" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#syntax</a>

Joshua McNeillI don't know anything about <a href="https://h4.io/tags/English" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#English</a> as it's spoken in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Oklahoma" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Oklahoma</a>, so I was a bit surprised to find "peoples" and "people's" in the speech of this man. (Me and my wife just got a <a href="https://h4.io/tags/uromastyx" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#uromastyx</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/lizard" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#lizard</a>, BTW, so if anyone has good tips, lemme know!)<a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/sociolinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sociolinguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/morphology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#morphology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/lizards" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#lizards</a><a href="https://youtu.be/XJN5FGVJdqI?t=387" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/XJN5FGVJdqI?t=387</a>

Joshua McNeillWhich <a href="https://h4.io/tags/pronunciation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pronunciation</a> do you use for <a href="https://h4.io/tags/crayon" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#crayon</a> and why are the others wrong?<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/phonetics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#phonetics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/phonology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#phonology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a>

Joshua McNeill<a href="https://h4.io/tags/Transcribing" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Transcribing</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/interviews" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#interviews</a> where the only <a href="https://h4.io/tags/annotations" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#annotations</a> are <a href="https://h4.io/tags/pronouns" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pronouns</a> so I'm <a href="https://h4.io/tags/annotating" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#annotating</a> as I go. So slow that I'm not sure this is better than listening back a second time to do the annotations instead.<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/methods" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#methods</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/sociolinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sociolinguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/corpuslinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#corpuslinguistics</a>

Joshua McNeillA recent <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Simpsons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Simpsons</a> episode had a good example of <a href="https://h4.io/tags/enregisterment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#enregisterment</a> of the <a href="https://h4.io/tags/southernvowelshift" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#southernvowelshift</a> in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/Texas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Texas</a>: <a href="https://youtu.be/yqZ3nyYUwsY" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/yqZ3nyYUwsY</a><a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/sociolinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sociolinguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagechange</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/phonetics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#phonetics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/phonology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#phonology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/vowels" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#vowels</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/south" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#south</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/southern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#southern</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/TheSimpsons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TheSimpsons</a>

Joshua McNeillJust learned that "tarp" is short for "tarpaulin". Who on Earth says that latter?? As far as <a href="https://h4.io/tags/English" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#English</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/literature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#literature</a> is concerned, almost no one these days: <a href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=tarp%2Ctarpaulin&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=tarp%2Ctarpaulin&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-US-2019&smoothing=3</a><a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/lexicography" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#lexicography</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/morphology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#morphology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagechange</a>

Joshua McNeillOk <a href="https://h4.io/tags/corpus" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#corpus</a> people who use <a href="https://h4.io/tags/ELAN" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ELAN</a>, how do you store <a href="https://h4.io/tags/metadata" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#metadata</a> on the participants you're <a href="https://h4.io/tags/transcribing" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transcribing</a>? Seems the devs suggest CMDI files, but that seems overly complicated (unless there's some benefit for exporting afterward).<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/corpuslinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#corpuslinguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/sociolinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#sociolinguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/psycholinguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#psycholinguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/transcription" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#transcription</a>

Joshua McNeill<a href="https://lingo.lol/@grvsmth" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@grvsmth</a> <a href="https://lingo.lol/@maitxinha" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@maitxinha</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/linguistics" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@linguistics</a> It wouldn't be hard to quantify for the features that have been studied -- just count how many times the conclusion has been that it's a change from below vs not -- but it would be difficult to generalize to all <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagechange" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagechange</a> from there since <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a>/#sociolonguistic studies pretty much never use random sampling. But when the conclusion is the same for feature after feature in community after community, it becomes easier to say the claim is accurate

Joshua McNeill<a href="https://h4.io/tags/ZipfsLaw" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ZipfsLaw</a> makes it hard to study <a href="https://h4.io/tags/lexical" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#lexical</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/variation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#variation</a> in <a href="https://h4.io/tags/language" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#language</a>, but some features would be difficult even with very large <a href="https://h4.io/tags/corpora" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#corpora</a> due to being homophonous with a more frequent feature. One I've come across lately is "I hate it" where the <a href="https://h4.io/tags/demonstrative" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#demonstrative</a> "that" is more common, e.g. in response to seeing a scary clown image.<a href="https://h4.io/tags/linguistics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#linguistics</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/languagevariation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#languagevariation</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/syntax" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#syntax</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/morphology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#morphology</a> <a href="https://h4.io/tags/pronouns" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#pronouns</a>

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